DOM DOM..

C For Colourful!!

C For Condom!!

Brief History
xxxxxxxCondom has a 400 years history since 19th century. Early

condoms were made of linen or pig or sheep's gut, tied at the end with ribbon. After sex, they were rinsed out and reused!

xxxxxxxA most widely used device during sexual intercourse to reduce the risk of pregnancy and spreading sexually transmitted(STD) diseases such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV.

Reasons to use Condoms!!
1. Condoms are the only contraceptive that help prevent both pregnancy and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (including HIV) when used properly and consistently.
2. Condoms are one of the most reliable methods of birth control when use properly and consistently.
3. Condoms have none of the medical side-effects of some other birth control methods may have.
4. Condoms are available in various shapes, colours, flavours, textures and sizes.
5. Condoms are widely available in pharmacies, supermarkets and convenience stores. You don't need a prescription or have to visit a doctor.
6. Condoms are user friendly. With a little practice, they can also add confidence.


Condom is made of.. .. …??

xxxxxxxCondom usually made of latex or polyurethane which is slightly more
reliable and easily purchased in most places for example pharmacy, 7-11 and petrol station.

xxxxxxxLatex is the milky sap of the rubber plants that coagulates when exposure to the air. Latex has outstanding elastic properties which may be stretched in excess of 800% before breaking.

Latex from rubber tree

xxxxxxxPolyurethanes are in the class reaction polymers. A urethane linkage is produced by reacting an isocyanate group, -N=C=O with a hydroxyl group, -OH. Polyurethanes are produced by the polyaddition reaction of a polyisocyanate with a polyalcohol in the presence of a catalyst. Polyurethane can be made in a variety of textures and hardnesses by varying the particular monomers used and adding other substances.

Polyurethanes

xxxxxxxPolyurethanes can be considered better than latex in several ways:
• Conduct heat better than latex, is not as sensitive to temperature and ultraviolet light.
• Less rigid storage requirements and a longer shelf life.
• Can be used with oil-based lubricants.
• Less allergenic than latex, and no odor.



FEMALE CONDOMS IS AVAILABLE!!! ^^
xxxxxxx

xxxxxxxThe female condom is inserted into the vagina using the closed-end ring. The other ring creates the open end of the condom. The sheath then lines the walls of the vagina creating a barrier between the sperm and the cervix. The female condom can be inserted up to 8 hours prior to intercourse. It should be removed immediately after sex.

xxxxxxxIf you think that you want double safer, so u came out an idea of wearing both male and female condom at the same time, then u are in TROUBLES!! Because they can get stuck together and cause one or the other to slip during intercourse!!


Is it Okay to reuse condom??

xxxxxxxNO NO NO!! A used condom should be thrown in the garbage. Once a condom is used, it cannot be reused. A new condom should be used each time you have sex and it must be used from start to finish every time you have sex to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).


Why condom is used with lubricants??

Lubricants

xxxxxxxLubricants are especially useful if your partner has vaginal dryness,
and will also help prevent wear and tear on the condom. The correct method of applying lubricants is to smear the lubricant on the outside of the condom after you have put the condom on.

xxxxxxxLatex condoms can only be used with water based lubricants, not oil based lubricants such as Vaseline as they will tear the latex, reducing the strength of the condom by up to 95% in 15 minutes. People who are allergic to latex can choose to use polyurethane condoms instead.



Example of oil base lubricants:
• Baby oil
• Cooking oil
• Body lotion
• Bath oil
• Hand cream
• Suntan oil
• Petroleum jelly (Vaseline)
• Hair conditioner

Polyurethane condoms are thinner than latex condoms which increase sensitivity and are more delightful in “feel”. But they are more expensive and more lubrication needed due to the less flexibility. However both oil and water based lubricants can be used with them.

Spermicide

xxxxxxxSpermicides immobilize and kill the sperm before they are able to
swim into the uterus. Spermicides come in several different forms such as cream, gel, and foam. Most spermicides contain nonoxynol-9, a chemical that kills sperm. Spermicides can be used alone but are more effective when used with another method of birth control, such as a condom.



Side effect of nonoxynol-9 (N-9)

xxxxxxxNonoxynol-9 is a non-ionic nonoxynol surfactant that is used as an

ingredient in various cleaning and cosmetic products, but is also widely used as a contraceptive for its spermicidal properties.

· increase the risk of HIV transmission if used frequently

· low effect in preventing pregnancy

· short lifespan

· may cause urinary tract infection in women

· cause cervical cancer

· cause gonorrhoea, chlamydia

N-9

How are Condoms Tested?

xxxxxxxThe more common of all tests is testing empty condoms which
nvolve putting water in them. A condom is filled with 10 ounces of water and is checked for leaks.

xxxxxxxElectrical conductance test is a test given to a condom to see it if blocks electricity. It is a non-destructive test. An intact condom should not allow electricity to pass through it.

xxxxxxxThe tensile test, also known as the stretch test, entails slicing a cross-section band from a condom and verifying its elasticity and strength.

xxxxxxxAnother destructive test is the airburst test. It involves the inflation of the strength is determined by the maximum volume of air tolerated by it.

Condom leak testing with water

Condom Testing!! (Joking) ^^

How to dispose used condom? Flush down to the toilet??

xxxxxxNO NO NO!! Never flush the condom to the toilet!! All condoms have to be
disposed by wrapping in tissue and throwing them in the bin. Condoms should not be flushed into the toilet as they may cause blockages in the sewage system.

xxxxxxxLatex is a natural substance made form rubber trees, but because of the added ingredients most latex condoms are not biodegradable.

xxxxxxxPolyurethane condoms are made from plastic and are not biodegradable. Biodegradable latex condoms are available from some manufacturers.


Condoms can be used for decoration too!!

xxxxxxxCondom can be something else very creative and interesting besides
from functioning as a precaution device during sexual intercourse. For example, condom can be packed into a very delicate and sweet candy like packaging as a gift!! Or it can be used as fashion purposes, arrange and sew into a beautiful and elegant gown. I’m very sure you will get every1’s attention from wearing it and walk around!! TRY IT OUT!!

Candy-like packaging!! Delicious!!

Gown with Condommmmmmmmm!!

WOW, the lecturer is observing the special gown... !!

Forever Like What??

PLASTIC BAGS ARE FOREVER!!!!

The Beautiful side of plastic bags!!!

----------------------------------------------

xxxxxxxWOW, plastic bag is so so so convenient and popular among the customers and retailer nowadays. Because plastic bags are
• Strong and light
• Cheap
• Hygienic to pack goods
• Easily molded
• Inert to chemical attacks

Where can you find a lot a lot of plastic bags??

-------------------------------------------------------------

xxxxxxxMarket, supermarkets, convenient stall and fast food restaurants are greatly purchasing the plastic bags at low rate to pack goods for customer. Customers like us think that plastic bag is a “must services” given by the seller when we buy their goods. If the seller doesn’t provide you any plastic bag to pack your goods, what is the first impression came to your mind??

• They are very GIAM SIAP??
• Conclusion, do not BONG CHAN him or her anymore??

A British family is carrying groceries with plastic bags after shopping.

Also, polystyrene container is very useful and popular among students, like me XD who are staying outside when DA BAO chicken rice or ZAP FAN. The advantages are almost similar to the plastic which is light, hygiene, convenient and heat resistant. Foamed polystyrene is made of petroleum-derived chemicals, which believed to create hazardous health risks to Homosapiens.

The real face behind of the beautiful mask!!

xxxxxxxMost of the plastics bags will end up in landfill after used. About 50 to 80 million of plastic bags being “abandon” on the street, everywhere in our TAMAN, and LONGGANG. Although plastic bags are just a smalllllllll percentage of all the litter, the impact of these litter are somehow considered sizeable. The biggest dilemma associates with plastic bags such that

• THey are non-biodegradable, which means cannot be decompose by bacteria. It takes approximately 20 to 1000 years to decompose.


• These plastic bags litter create unhygienic eyesore pollution.


• Open burning of polymers release harming and toxic gases that will cause air pollution. Burning of PVC will release hydrogen chloride gases which initiate the acid rain.


• Especially harmful to our wildlife. Plastic bags have been always mistaken for jellyfish by the wildlife.


• Hence, plastic bag pollution in marine environments is considered extremely hazardous, as wildlife like birds, whales, seals and turtles consume the bags and die from choking and intestinal blockages.
  

Plastic bag’s landfill

Wall E found a bra in the lanfill.

Shame of the Marine

Operating sea turtle to remove plastic bags in its gut.

Green turtle gut contents including blue plastic bag and red balloon.

SO ‘Beautiful’!! The bird is swallowed by the transparent plastic bag.

An Indonesian boy is rolling the sampan on the middle of the ‘plastic river’.

An Indonesian cow said: “Mooo~Why my food is so non ‘chew-able’ today?? I think I just swallow it without chewing!! Mooo~”

F.Y.I (Four your information) TIME!!!
Production

xxxxxxxPlastic bag is an example of synthetic polymers which are the polymers made from the factory for chemical substance, which are also refer to plastic, such as the well known polystyrene. Material of synthetic polymers is obtained from our mother earth precious petroleum, after refining and cracking. Plastic bags are made up of a gas called ethylene. Ethylene is made into polymers (chains of ethylene molecules) called polyethylene.

The repeating unit of polyethylene

xxxxxxxPolyethylene is a polymer consisting of long chains of the monomer ethylene. Polyethylene contains the chemical elements carbon and hydrogen. Polyethylene is created through polymerization of ethene. It can be produced through radical polymerization, anionic addition polymerization, ion coordination polymerization or cationic addition polymerization. Polyethylene burn with a light yellow flame and no soot as it is non aromatic hydrocarbon.

xxxxxxxThere are two types of plastic shopping bags in the market
i. the lighter filmy bags obtained from supermarkets and other food outlets are made from high density polyethylene (HDPE), which can be recycled.
ii. the thicker bags are made from low density polyethylene (LDPE) which is non-recycled.

Plastic Identification Code - Hight Density Polyethylene(HDPE)
Examples are Milk, juice and water bottles; trash and retail bags.

Plastic Identification Code - Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
Examples are frozen food bags; squeezable bottles; flexible container lids.

xxxxxxxPolystyrene is another example of synthetic polymers which produced from styrene, aka vinyl benzene the chemical formula of C6H5CH=CH2. Polystyrene (plastic #6) is the most difficult common plastic to recycle. It is an aromatic polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is manufactured from petroleum. Pure solid polystyrene is a colorless, hard plastic with limited flexibility. It can be cast into molds with fine detail. Polystyrene can be transparent or can be made to take on various colors.

xxxxxxxPolystyrene is a long chain hydrocarbon connected to a phenyl group. Polystyrene contains the chemical elements carbon and hydrogen. Complete oxidation of polystyrene produces only carbon dioxide and water vapor. Because it is an aromatic hydrocarbon, it burns with an orange-yellow flame, giving off soot, as opposed to non-aromatic hydrocarbon polymers.

Plastic Identification Code- Polystyerene (PS)
Examples are Egg cartons; packing peanuts; disposable cups, plates, trays and cutlery; disposable take-away containers;

xxxxxxxTo summarize, purchase plastics with the #5 which is the safest plastic and can be reused. Plastics #1, #2, #4 are okay but be wary of shelf-life and never heat or reuse. Avoid bad plastics #3, #6, #7 if possible.

WARNING!! Side effect!!

xxxxxxAccording to a Foundation for Achievements in Science and Education fact sheet, long term exposure to small quantities of styrene can cause NEUROTOXIC (fatigue, nervousness, difficulty sleeping), HEMATOLOGICAL (low platelet and hemoglobin values), CYTOGENETIC (chromosomal and lymphatic abnormalities), and CARCINOGENIC effects.

xxxxxxAlso, possible health problems that could result from human over-exposure to the chemicals used in various types of plastics such as asthma, birth defects, chronic bronchitis, genetic changes, indigestion, infertility, liver dysfunction, skin diseases, ulcers and vision failure.

Open burning of synthetic polymers.

Why Burning Plastic is so hazardous?

xxxxxxxPlastics especially PVC will result in release of the deadly poison when burned which is dioxin. Dioxin is a toxic organic chemical that contains chlorine and is produced when chlorine and hydrocarbons are heated at high temperatures.

xxxxxxxThe chemical name for dioxin is: 2,3,7,8- tetrachlodibenzo para dioxin (TCDD). Dioxins are environmental pollutants. They have the unsure distinction of belonging to the “dirty dozen” - a group of dangerous chemicals known as persistent organic pollutants.

xxxxxxShort-term exposure of humans to high levels of dioxins may result in skin lesions, such as CHLORACNE and PATCHY DARKENING OF THE SKIN and ALTHERED LIVER FUNCTION.

xxxxxxxLong-term exposure is linked to IMPAIRMENT OF IMMUNE SYSTEM, DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM, ENDOCRINE SYSTEM and REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS.

xxxxxxxOnce dioxins have absorbed into the body, they tolerate a long time because of their chemical stability and their ability to be stored in the fat tissue. Their half-life in the body is estimated to be seven to eleven years. In the environment, dioxins tend to accumulate in the food chain. The higher in the animal food chain one goes, the higher is the concentration of dioxins.

A child is affected by dioxin.. YUM GONG!!!

Viktor A. Yushchenko, the Ukrainian opposition candidate, had been poisoned with dioxin
Left: Picture taken on 30 June 2004
Right: Picture taken on 1 November 2004

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle!!

xxxxxxxOther countries are to the lead of the United States in finding solutions to reduce the impact of plastic bags to our mother nature!

Bangladesh:
Polythene plastic bags have been banned completely. The government is promoting bags made of jute, a natural fiber.

Ireland:
Individual consumers are required to pay a 15c tax per plastic bag - this has resulted in an estimated 90% reduction in plastic bag use in the first year.

The European Union:
Member countries require manufacturers/producers of plastic bags and other plastic waste to take them back and recycle them.

xxxxxxxThe wide use of polyethylene makes it an important environmental issue. Although it can be recycled, most of the polyethylene ends up in landfills and in the oceans. Polyethylene is not considered biodegradable, as it takes several centuries until it is efficiently degraded.
Green bag is another alternative to plastic bags to carry groceries in shopping mall. First, the green bag is very affordable and is created out of 100% of polypropylene which is completely environment friendly and it lowers the latter percentage greatly.

Green Bag

Jusco Nagahusa Oyama is greatly promoting Green Bags!!

xxxxxxxPolypropylene is an example of plastics #5, has a chemical called C3H6, and it is used to create both fiber and plastics, the chemical is a mix of hydrogen and carbon atoms, none of which are harmful to our environment. The amount of disposals of the green bag is significantly lower than the number of standard plastic bag disposals as the bag is completely recyclable.

Polypropylene

If we are still doing nothing from now on, we will be ended up just like the humans in “Wall E”

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

MANIPULATED BY MACHINE!!

DON't EAT MY TOFU!!

xxxxxxTonight’s dinner is porridge with tofu, simple and delicious dinner all prepared by my roommate Chu Yin Harn. Tofu has always been my favourite dishes, because it is easy to prepare, cheap, low calories and high in nutrition. Especially it was taken out from the fridge and put in your mouth directly; it will melt over your mouth. But of course, tofu can be served hot too. Everyone, including vegetarians can enjoy tofu daily! P/S: Golden citizen, babies and those who encountering tooth pain and wisdom tooth, tofu is the problem solver!! ^^


What is tofu?

xxxxxxTofu, aka soya curd, is a soft cheese-like food of Chinese origin made by curdling soya milk with a coagulant.

How tofu is made?

Soy Bean

xxxxxxThe coagulating tofu from soy milk is similar to the coagulating cheese from milk. Tofu is made by coagulation of soy milk. Pre-made soy milk can be used, however starting from handmade soy milk to ensure better quality, which is produced by soaking, grinding, boiling and straining. Coagulation is the most important step in producing tofu due to the interrelationship of many factors for example soybean variety, soymilk concentration, temperature, pH, and type of coagulant.

xxxxxxCoagulation of the protein and emulsion suspended in the boiled soy milk is the most crucial procedure in the production of tofu. Coagulation needed coagulants. Usually, two types of coagulants (salts and acids) are used. The third type of coagulant is enzyme which is not yet used commercially.

DEEP FRIED TOFU

Taofu Fa!!

Why salt coagulant is chosen?

xxxxxxxNatural calcium sulfate (gypsum) and magnesium chloride (nigari) are the most common tofu salt coagulants used. They have been used for hundreds years in China.

xxxxxxxNigari (chloride type) salts which consist of Magnesium chloride and calcium chloride, both salts having high rate of solubility, whereas gypsum is very slightly soluble in water. Therefore acts differently in soy protein precipitation, the basis for tofu formation. nigari consists primarily of magnesium chloride extract from seawater after the sodium chloride is removed and the water evaporated, which is called Lushui in China.

xxxxxxxHowever, nigari coagulants has weaknesses compare to calcium sulphate and GDL
· As they react with soymilk very rapidly, the coagulated bean curd is destroy while agitation is still going on.
· Nigari coagulate bean curd doesn’t incorporate so much water as the sulfate type, therefore producing lower yield and rougher texture.
· Nigari alone is not suitable to for making silken tofu from hot soymilk because high temperature of soymilk makes it difficult solidify with nigari in short reaction time. However smooth can be made with nigari soymilk is cooled to a low temperature for instance 4 degree celcius.

Magensium chloride

Calcium chloride

xxxxxxxBesides, gymsum (sulfate type) produces tender but slightly tofu. It has low water solubility which is an important factor in determining the velocity of coagulating reaction. Low water solubility reacts slowly with soymilk, hence allow the formation of bean curd with high water holding capacity resulting in soft and smooth tofu comparing to nigari. Gymsum is very easy to be handled even for unskill maker, because the difference of tofu yield is not very large eventhough coagulation is carried out slowly. It also makes a tofu that is rich in calcium, an important mineral for treating and preventing osteoporosis. Many tofu manufacturers choose gymsum to be able to promote their tofu as a good source of calcium.

Gymsum

Why acid coagulant is chosen?

xxxxxxxGlucono delta-lactone (GDL) is manufactured from corn starch by fermentation. GDL is dissolved in cooled soymilk and form gluconic acid gradually, then heat coagulates soymilk with GDL solidified curd with rich water holding properties. GDL gives tofu slightly acidic flavor and texture. The yield of tofu is lower and the texture is crumbly compare to nigari and gymsum.

GDL

xxxxxxxAfter doing the research, I went back to the fridge, and I really see GDL and calcium sulphate stated on the ingredient. Bear in mind to store tofu in the refrigerator.

When Can Babies Have Tofu?

xxxxxxxTofu is a protein food that may be difficult for an immature tummy to digest. Along with meaet and egg yolks and other more complex proteins, most pediatricians recommend offering tofu to the baby who is 8 months of age or older. As Tofu is a soy product, you should not offer it to an infant who has any allergy to soy.